Bacterial Reproduction and Binary Fission

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that reproduce asexually. Bacterial reproduction most commonly occurs by a kind of cell division called binary fission. Binary fission involves the division of a single cell, which results in the formation of two cells that are genetically identical. In order to grasp the process of binary fission, it is helpful to understand bacterial cell structure. Key Takeaways Binary fission is the process by which a single cell divides to form two cells that are genetically identical to one another.There are three common bacterial cell shapes: rod-shaped, spherical, and spiral.Common bacterial cell components include: a cell wall, a cellular membrane, the cytoplasm, flagella, a nucleoid region, plasmids as well as ribosomes.Binary fission as a means of reproduction has a number of benefits, chief among them is the ability to reproduce in high numbers at a very rapid rate. Since binary fission produces identical cells, bacteria can become more genetically varied through recombination, which involves the transfer of genes between cells. Bacterial Cell Structure Bacteria have varying cell shapes. The most common bacteria cell shapes are spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral. Bacterial cells typically contain the following structures: a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids, flagella, and a nucleoid region. Cell Wall: An outer covering of the cell that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cells cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.Flagella: Long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion.Ribosomes: Cell structures responsible for protein production.Plasmids: Gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.Nucleoid Region: Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule. Binary Fission This is a colored transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of an E. coli bacterium in the early stages of binary fission. Credit: CNRI / Getty Images Most bacteria, including Salmonella and E.coli, reproduce by binary fission. During this type of asexual reproduction, the single DNA molecule replicates and both copies attach, at different points,  to the cell membrane.  As the cell begins to grow and elongate, the distance between the two DNA molecules increases. Once the bacterium just about doubles its original size, the cell membrane begins to pinch inward at  the center. Finally, a  cell wall  forms  which separates the two  DNA molecules and divides the original cell into two identical daughter cells. This image shows bacteria growing exponentially in a Petri dish. A single colony can have trillions of bacteria. Wladimir Bulgar / Science Photo Library / Getty Images There are a number of benefits associated with reproduction  through binary fission. A single bacterium is able to reproduce in high numbers at a rapid rate. Under optimum conditions, some bacteria can double their population numbers in a matter of minutes or hours. Another benefit is that no time is wasted searching for a mate since reproduction is asexual. In addition, the daughter cells resulting from binary fission are identical to the original cell. This means that they are well suited for life in their environment. Bacterial Recombination Binary fission is an effective way for bacteria to reproduce, however, it is not without problems. Since the cells produced through this type of reproduction are identical, they are all susceptible to the same types of  threats, such as environmental changes and  antibiotics. These hazards could destroy  an entire colony. In order to avoid such perils, bacteria can become more genetically  varied  through recombination. Recombination involves the transfer of genes between cells.  Bacterial recombination is accomplished through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Conjugation Some bacteria are capable of transferring pieces of their genes to other bacteria that they contact. During conjugation, one bacterium connects itself to another through a protein tube structure called a pilus. Genes are transferred from one bacterium to the other through this tube. Transformation Some bacteria are capable of taking up DNA from their environment. These DNA remnants most commonly come from dead bacterial cells. During transformation, the bacterium binds the DNA and transports it across the bacterial cell membrane. The new DNA is then incorporated into the bacterial cells DNA. Transduction Transduction is a type of recombination that involves the exchange  of bacterial DNA through bacteriophages. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. There are two types of transduction: generalized and specialized transduction. Once a bacteriophage attaches to a bacterium, it inserts its genome into the bacterium. The viral genome, enzymes, and viral components are then replicated and assembled within the host bacterium. Once formed, the new bacteriophages lyse or split open the bacterium, releasing the replicated viruses.  During the assembling process, however, some of the hosts bacterial DNA may become encased in the viral capsid instead of the viral genome. When this bacteriophage infects another bacterium, it injects the DNA fragment from the previously infected bacterium. This DNA fragment then becomes inserted into the DNA of the new bacterium. This type of transduction is called generalized transduction. In specialized transduction, fragments of the host bacteriums DNA become incorporated into the viral genomes of the new bacteriophages. The DNA fragments can then be transferred to any new bacteria that these bacteriophages infect. Sources Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, 2011.

Network Security Analysis of Windows Server 2008

Solution 1: With Windows Server 2008 Applications, you can make OUs, Groups and Users, and can set GPOs for the OUs, Groups and / or Users requirements or restrictions. Below are some reasons for upgrading to Windows Server 2008 R2 with service Pack 1(SP1). As we go through each one of the issues stated above, we address the concerns and exploit Windows Server 2008. With the new technology of today and the improvements with Windows Server 2008, not only is Windows Server 2008 an OSI, but it is much more. So let us take a look at some of the good reasons for upgrading. Windows Server provides new virtualization technology that enables you to deliver more advanced capabilities to your business for increased IT efficiency and agility. Whether you want to consolidate servers, build a private cloud, or offer Virtual Desktop Infrastructure, the addition of these powerful virtualization features enables you to take your datacenter and desktop virtualization strategy to a new level. Windows Server is the newest Windows Server operating system from Microsoft. It is designed to help organizations reduce operating costs and increase efficiencies and agility. 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Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness Free Essays

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 17109201 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2012. 1. 5 Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness ——A Probe into the Character of Emily A Rose for Emily is a short story written by American author William Faulkner first published in the April 30, 1930 issue of Forum. We will write a custom essay sample on Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness or any similar topic only for you Order Now It describes the tragedy of a typical southern lady, Miss Emily, who is deeply victimized in her character and mind by the conventional system of the South and patriarchy; thus even though she wants to fight, she still fails to confront and deal with the changes caused by the shock of northern industrialization all by herself and finally leads to destruction and self-destruction on the way of pursuing happiness. This essay concentrates on exploring the character of Emily with the efforts she has made for her life and especially the reasons for her failure in â€Å"fighting† from the three aspects as Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, (the well-known phrase applied from the United States Declaration of Independence). 1. The Backup of Early Life As a descendent of the southern conventional noble family, Emily was born in the environment full of the thought of feudalism and hierarchy which makes her acquire not only the attitude of arrogance and indifference to common people, but, most importantly, the habit of obedience to her father. Before her father dies, he is the only one Emily could rely on in her family. Therefore, there should be no blame to her that she depended on her father when she was still young, just as most of us would depend on our parents during our childhood and youth. However, the fact the she gets to be thirty and is still single reveals the abnormality of the dependence. Actually, it is no longer pure dependence on her father. Instead, the dependence has developed into over obedience which then is taken advantage of by her father to control her completely under the constraint of the old southern tradition. The control is just described by William Faulkner as the tableau, â€Å"Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door†. The father, a typical symbol of patriarchy, clutching a horsewhip, acts as a tyrant. It’s him who holds the Griersons always a little too high for what they really are and uses his horsewhip, which exactly symbolizes patriarchy, to beat off all of the young men who come to make proposals to his daughter, Miss Emily, believing that no one is quite good enough for her. In fact, in his opinion, none of the young men are quite good enough not for his daughter, but for the old southern tradition and its dignity. He never regards Emily as an independent individual. On the contrary, he regards her as the tool to maintain their dignity in the conventional system. However, Emily has been regarding her father as the whole backup of her life since she was born. What’s more, she has been in this state for more than thirty years. She has long been used to this dependence and even allows this kind of dependence to conquer her strong desire for free life and love. To her, this dependence is just her whole life. Therefore, when her father dies, she cannot accept the fact because her father is her whole dependence and the dependence is just her whole life. Her father’s death has also deprived all the hope of her life. Her father and the old tradition her father represents are the root of Emily’s tragedy; thus, her father’s death should be regarded as the chance for Emily to free herself from the constraint of the conventional system. It’s the beginning of Emily’s fighting for her own life, liberty and happiness. 2. Liberty Getting rid of her father’s control is just like releasing from a prison. After a long time of being sick, she is seen again with hair cut short and looks like a girl, which declares the beginning of her liberty. However, Faulkner describes her as resembling to those angels in colored church windows—sort of tragic and serene. The word of â€Å"tragic† seems to have indicated the sad ending of Emily’s life even though she has the chance to gain liberty. And the reason lies on Emily’s wrong interpretation of liberty. From the description by Faulkner, after her father’s death, the character of Emily appearing before the readers is still such an arrogant and indifferent person typically symbolizing the old tradition. It is clearly known by the readers that actually Emily never frees herself from the fetter of the conventional system even though she has gotten rid of her father’s control. However, Emily sees her liberty from a different angle. To her, liberty means to live in a way she has long been used to at her own will. Since her father died, nobody and nothing can ever take her under control any more. Therefore, she ignores all the others’ denouncing the smell of her house, vanquishes the new generation’s demanding her taxes and rejects the newer generation’s attaching a mailbox. She still carries her head high enough—even when others all believe that she is fallen, because the way of living she has been used to is just to maintain dignity as much as she can in the environment of the old southern tradition. She refuses to free herself from the conventional system because it’s the very place she feels relatively free. In contrast, the new world with all those changes caused by the shock of northern industrialization is where she will feel unsafe, uneasy and uncomfortable. Similarly in the film The Shawshank redemption, the two people, the old log, Brooks, and one of the protagonists, Red, have much difficulty in adjusting themselves to the life outside after they get their parole from decades of imprisonment. Brooks even commits suicide and Red can never pea unless asking for permission. And Emily has also been imprisoned for more than thirty years which has made her long ago assimilated by the old tradition. Emily has made efforts for her life and liberty after her father’s death. Unfortunately, she interprets her liberty in the way which is against the development of the new world both in aterial and spiritual aspects. And her false interpretation is still due to the over thirty years’ imprisonment of patriarchy and the conventional system of the South. 3. The Pursuit of Happiness Even though the living style has been assimilated by the convention, there is still something that everyone is born with including Emily. That is the desire for happiness. Emily lives in her own old world but all alone. She earns liberty but lacks happiness. Therefore, when Homer Barron shows up, she believes that he is the source of her happiness and makes up her mind to grasping the slight of hope. However, the chance of gaining happiness is ruined again by the conflict between her old world and the shock of northern industrialization. What’s worse, finally she leads to the road of destruction and self-destruction by her extreme desire resulting from patriarchy and the old tradition’s severe oppression Homer Barron, a Yankee, comes from the north and symbolizes the northern industrialization, which is definitely against the old tradition and even some basic principles of Emily’s own old world such as the feature of dignity. But on the other side, he seems to Emily the hope for her happiness. As a woman oppressed by spiritual loneliness for such a long time, the desire for love and happiness is strong enough to for Emily to conquer the continual restraint of conventional hierarchical thought. As a result, she goes out of the old house, which symbolizes the convention, with her head high and together with Homer Barron with his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth, reins and whip in a yellow glove driving in the glittering buggy on Sunday afternoons. She even decides to marry him by buying a complete outfit of men’s clothing regardless of all the objects and conflicts. During this period, she has gradually become deeply trapped in the love and happiness with Homer Barron. She has been oppressed by patriarchy and the southern convention for more than thirty years, and now the love she is experiencing is so unique and incomparable that it has become the whole happiness of her life and that it is impossible for her to let it go. If Homer Barron isn’t going to leave her, then the love and happiness will certainly continue. However, as the symbol of northern industrialization, Homer Barron holds a completely opposite attitude towards the relationship with Miss Emily. He just regards it as a pure way of entertainment without any responsibility, which is a sharp conflict between not only Homer and Emily, but also the morals of northern industrialization and the old southern convention. Under the pressure of the conflicts and the long-term victimization by patriarchy and the convention, Emily’s character and mind has been completely deformed. In the end, to prevent the happiness from disappearing, Emily takes drastic measures as killing Homer and let the body stay with her forever so that her love and happiness will also never leave. This measure finally destroys her whole life and leaves her a complete tragedy as well as Homer Barron. In this extraordinary short story, the character of Emily William Faulkner created has made some efforts to earn her own life and liberty and even persist in the pursuit of happiness. However, her life is based on patriarchy and the conventional system of the South for more than 30 years; the liberty she goes after is still trapped in the old tradition; and her pursuit of happiness comes across the conflicts between the southern old tradition and the shock of northern industrialization. All of these negative factors lead to the final tragic destruction. References Olga W. Vickery. The Novels of William Faulkner: A Critical Appraisal [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964 Fang Yigui [ ]. [J]. ,2007 1 Liu Aiying [ ]. [J]. ,1998 2 Liu Zhuo [ ] Peng Changliu [ ]. : [J]. ,2004 5 Wang Minqin [ ]. [J]. ,2002 2? ,? 66-69 Xiao Minghan [ ].  ·. : ,1997? How to cite Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, Papers

The Charismatic Leadership Style free essay sample

The Charismatic Leadership Style I have chosen to write my journal article on a leadership style known as a Ccharismatic Leader. Its difficult to identify the characteristics that make a leader charismatic, but they certainly include the ability to communicate on a very powerful emotional level, and probably include some personality traits. I do not believe that charismatic leadership is essential to be an effective leader but it can enhance the leadership journey. The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through based upon their personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. Possessing these characteristics can be an extremely powerful way to gain and lead others. They can also make their followers (ordinary people) do some pretty extraordinary things. Charismatic leaders have the ability to sense the gap that exists between what an organization and culture of people and empower them to come together as one. By bridging this gap the leader can create a vision of a future state that everyone believes will be better than the current one. We will write a custom essay sample on The Charismatic Leadership Style or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The charismatic leader often communicates their vision using metaphors and stories in ways that everyone can understand the vision. Their followers see the leader as one that possesses the ability to visualize the future with clarity. Their followers are also able to see how they fit into this future state and believe it will be better than today. Charismatic leaders do these things constantly in large and small ways. Charismatic Leaders are visionaries. They focus on transforming situations, not just maintaining. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are very persuasive and make very effective use of body language as well as verbal language. Many politicians use a charismatic style, as they need to gather a large number of followers. The person who I think is a great charismatic leader is Barack Obama. I have listened to a lot of his speeches and he has the power to motivate and empower people with his words, his testimony and his story of overcoming many trials and obstacles. Barack Obama is often compared to John F. Kennedy, who is arguably the most charismatic President of the United States. â€Å"Todays environment emphasizes organizational learning and follower empowerment conditions that promote mutual respect and dialogue. However, even in this environment leaders can, sometimes unwittingly, enact subtle abuses. Generally included in the typical definition of power are the notions of dependency and control: a leaders ability to determine followers behavior stems at least in part from the followers dependency on the leader. This, in turn, is based on leaders control over the various aspects of organizational life affecting followers or perceived as needed by followers, such as material resources and organizational advancement.

1984 - Summary and Book Report Tips

1984 - Summary and Book Report Tips Writing a Book Report If youre writing a book report on the novel 1984, you will need to include a summary of the story line, as well as all of the following elements, like title, setting, and characters. You must also make sure you include a strong introductory sentence and a good conclusion, as well. Title, Author Publication 1984 is a novel by George Orwell. It was first published in 1949 by Secker and Warburg. Currently it is published by the Penguin Group of New York.   Setting 1984 is set in the fictional future state of Oceania. This is one of three totalitarian super states that have come to control the world. In the world of 1984, the government controls every aspect of human existence, especially individual thought. Note: A totalitarian government is one that is strictly governed by a dictator (or strong leader) and expects complete subservience to the state. Characters Winston Smith – the protagonist of the story, Winston works for the Ministry of Truth revising historical events to favor the Party. His dissatisfaction with his life and the love he finds cause him to rebel against the Party. Julia – Winston’s love interest and his fellow rebel. O’Brien – the antagonist of the novel, O’Brien traps and captures Winston and Julia. Big Brother – the leader of the Party, Big Brother is never actually seen, but exists as a symbol of the totalitarian regime. Plot Winston Smith, disillusioned by the oppressive nature of the Party, begins a romance with Julia. Thinking they have found a haven of safety from the prying eyes of the Thought Police, they continue their affair until they are betrayed by O’Brien. Julia and Winston are sent to the Ministry of Love where they are tortured into betraying each other and accepting the truth of the Party indoctrination. Questions to Ponder 1. Consider the use of language. What irony exists in the naming of the Ministries?How does Orwell’s use of language contribute to the idea that language is power?How does Orwell’s use of misnomers contribute to the satire of 1984? 2. Examine theme of the Individual vs. Society What is a dystopian society?What does Orwell seem to be saying about the power of individual action?In what way does 1984 reflect the real political systems of the time, i.e.Communist Soviet Union or Fascist Nazi Germany? 3. What events or people could have influenced Orwell? Although the title is 1984, the book was published in 1949. What events around that time could have influenced Orwell?The Diary of a Young Girl was published in 1947, how could this work have influenced Orwell?1946 saw the first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, did Orwell draw anything from this? Possible First Sentences The list of statements below are meant to help you develop a strong introductory paragraph. The statements may also help you construct an effective thesis statement for your paper. Big Brother is watching has become a common term in our modern language, but the phrase has lost some of its potency.  George Orwell’s 1984 is a novel of social science fiction.The danger of totalitarianism rests in its power to suppress the individual.The conflict between courage and betrayal is a central one in the novel 1984.

Everlasting Effects of the Bubonic Plague, describes transmission of disease, effects on population and culture.

Everlasting Effects of the Bubonic Plague, describes transmission of disease, effects on population and culture. Striking suddenly upon an already weakened society, a deadly and mysterious disease broke out through areas near the Black Sea which is now modern Ukraine. From 1347 through 1351 A.D., a horrendous outbreak of the bubonic plague struck Europe and changed nearly all forms of culture. During 1348 A. D., the Bubonic Plague hit Florence, Italy and ravaged Europe all through Mid 1300's. The Bubonic Plague, which was nicknamed the "Black Death" because of the black swellings called buboes, was spread by small, one-eighth of an inch, parasiting flees who hosted on rats. The early signs of infection were usually associated with flu-like symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, and staggered walking. In an attempt to kill off the infection, the body tried to pump blood to the infected area which caused large, horrendous welts about the size of a chicken's egg, Buboes appeared on any part of the body where lymph nodes were present, such as the groin, neck, and armpits.English: An illustration of a n undertaker during t...By the fourth day wild anxiety and terror would overtake the suffer-and then a sense of resignation, as the skin blackens and the rictus of death of death settles on the body. (Smithsonian, 70). These deaths had an enormous effect on the way of life in Europe. One may assume that the Bubonic Plague had only disastrous impacts on social, political, and religious affairs. However, from other perspectives, there were some positive outcomes that with tragedies of this massacre.Isolation was a major effect that the European society endured. "One man shunned another, kinsfolk held aloof, brother was forsaken by brother, oftentimes husband by wife; nay, what is more, and scarcely to be believed, fathers and mothers were found to abandon their own children to fate, untended, unvisited as if they had been strangers. (Boccaccio) This statement shows...

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions 2 Essay

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions 2 - Essay Example Not only this, cash budget also assists the financial manager about the cash balances at the beginning and closing of any period. In case if the business wish to make any non-routine expenditure, cash budget can help in meeting this cause. In case of any cash shortages, overdraft facility from the bank can be arranged in or order to meet the necessary expenditures of the business. b) In order to calculate the price per batch of the ice creams the individual cost per batch in terms of material, labour and overheads are estimated. Direct material and labour calculations are relatively simpler than factory overhead. For factory overheads, the cost of service department is absorbed into the cost of factory departments and apportioned on the basis of floor area in sq. m. Factory overhead rate is then computed in order to calculate the factory overhead per batch. The total cost of producing a batch of ice creams is found to be $371. Therefore, the selling price of the batch should be in between $500 and $600 range giving a profit of at least 25%. d) The following is the investment appraisal calculation in which the appraisal of the new project is made. NPV, IRR, Payback, and ARR are calculated in order to check out the viability of the project. From the above calculations, it can be observed that all the investment appraisal techniques reflect that the project is not viable at all. The initial investment of the project, which is $4,000, cannot be recovered in the project’s life. Negative Net Present Value also shows that the project will not enhance the overall cash flows of the company. Internal rate of Return is also quite negative, which suggests that the project is unable to provide healthy returns to the shareholders. Accounting rate of return is also negative which means that project will not increase the overall income of the